Reframing the TOE Framework for Industry 5.0: From Systematic Mapping to Diagnostic Framework Development

Abstract

Industry 5.0 (IR5.0) represents a shift beyond the efficiency-driven logics of Industry 4.0, emphasizing human-centricity, resilience, and sustainability. To support this transition, this study repositions the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework by systematically mapping recent adoption research (2021–2025) from Scopus and Web of Science. From 21 eligible studies, we extracted TOE factors and reclassified them into diagnostic centricities forming the basis for an enhanced TOE–IR5.0 framework. Results show a persistent tilt toward technological/organizational readiness, while sustainability and ethical enablers remain under-specified. High-frequency drivers (infrastructure, cyber-security, leadership, competence) indicate partial but incomplete IR5.0 alignment. We propose an enhanced TOE–IR5.0 framework that embeds human-centricity, resilience, and sustainability across technological, organizational, and environmental domains while clarifying where current scholarship still reflects IR4.0 logics. Most importantly, the framework introduces a diagnostic methodology—operationalizing IR5.0 values as transformative lenses applied to the TOE domains. This diagnostic orientation provides researchers, managers, and policymakers with a tool to systematically evaluate and realign technology-adoption strategies toward inclusive, resilient, and sustainable industrial transformation.